Systems Engineering: RTV Silicone Sealant Application System

Systems Engineering: RTV Silicone Sealant Application System Abstract As technology advances seemingly exponentially in the 21st century, the need for more and more complex systems grows too. Continuous improvement is key to a successful, growing business. This envelops everything within the organisation and engineered systems are no exception. Complex engineered systems require a level of control, this control is important for producing quality products and services. Considering advancing technology and continuous improvement, organisations need to explore ways in which the performance of engineered systems can be maximised. Multi-agent systems (MAS) are a relatively new theory which is put into practice when monolithic systems cannot solve the problem, so as systems become more and more complex, the need for MAS increase. Glossary of Terms FTT defined as the percentage of engines that pass a process first time. JPH the number of engines which pass through a process per hour. RTV room temperature vulcanisation silicone sealant. MAS Multi-agent systems 1. Introduction At the Engine Manufacturing Centre (EMC), Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) manufacture and assemble diesel and petrol engines. The author is a process engineer within the diesel assembly hall, whose main job role is to improve any assembly processes that negatively impact first time through (FTT) or jobs per hour (JPH). Currently, the issue that is causing the largest impact on said deliverables is the automatic application of RTV silicone sealant to the engine block to form a seal with the rear cover (Figure 1, below). This automated process has an average FTT of 61% and a value of 59 JPH over the past thirty days.ÂÂ   The target JPH value across the entire diesel assembly line is 68, which means this process is causing an average deficit of nine engines per hour causing considerable damage towards achieving production targets. The process itself is performed by two autonomous robots whereby one robot applies the sealant and the other robot holds the engine and moves it along a specified path. There are two HMIs present, one to program each robot. The robot holding the engine can be programmed with its position, its movement within the six degrees of freedom and its velocity. Whereas the only programmable functions are the start, end and speed and feed of the sealant. 2. Systems Engineering Life Cycle Stages The role of systems engineering is to ensure the success of a system, judged by how well its requirements and development objectives are met, its operation in the field and the length of its useful operating life. Systems engineering aims to establish a technical approach that will aid the operational maintenance and the eventual upgrading of the system. A system life cycle is a term used to encapsulate the evolution of a new system, where it begins with a concept and grows through development into production, operation and lastly, destruction. 2.1 Concept Development Where there is a desire for a new system, the concept development stage contains the planning and analysis required to affirm the need, the feasibility and the architecture for the new system to best satisfy the needs of the user. There are four main objectives of the concept development stage: Decide whether there is a market and need for a technically and economically feasible system. Design and confirm the system requirements after exploring different system concepts (see figure 3 below). This stage converts the system which has been derived from the needs analysis, into an engineering oriented view for the concept definition and development. When looking at performance requirements it is important to identify the major functions needed to complete the actions needed. In the case of this example, its functional elements should include, power robot, control movement, control speed, and apply RTV. To aid with this activity a systems engineer would use a function category versus functional media diagram (figure 4). Concept selection, agree on its characteristics and plan for the forthcoming stages of engineering, production and operation of the system. It answers the question what are the key characteristics of a system concept that would achieve the most beneficial balance between capability, operational life, and cost?[1]. Develop and validate any technological developments required by the new system. 2.2 Engineering Development Figure 4 (below) shows three stages of engineering development. Firstly, the advanced development stage incorporates two important purposes. One being the identification and reduction of risks, the second being the development of system specifications. Secondly, the engineering design phase is considerably more detailed than any stages preceding it. Usually, this stage offers an opportunity for potential customers to get an early look at the product, who can, in turn, provide valuable feedback to the developers. Lastly, the integration and evaluation phase is where the new system is installed and subsequently checked to ensure that it meets customer requirements. 2.3 Post Development Within the post-development phase there are two sub-phases; the production phase and the operations and support phase. The system is now being produced, for example, for a manufacturing environment. Occasionally there are unexpected issues that arise within the production of the system which requires a systems engineer to solve to prevent disruptions in the production schedule. Once the system is live, system support is critical. Maintenance personnel should be sufficient until more complex problems arise, where they need to call on the experience of systems engineers. 3. Function Block Diagram 4. Control Architecture 4.1 Centralised Control The centralised control system architecture has one component designated as the controller which is responsible for managing the execution of other components. The term architecture is used to suggest a focus on the relationship between the major structural elements in a system. This architecture falls into two classes depending on the execution of the controlled components, either sequentially or in parallel. These are the call-return model, only applicable in sequential systems, and the manager model, used in concurrent systems [3]. The main reasons to use centralised control architecture is that it is simple to conceive and due to its omniscience it can make optimal decisions which take all factors into account. However this architecture does have drawbacks, most notably the expense in which is required to create the control architecture, the control algorithm needs to be very complex. Furthermore, the degradation of any signal path can cripple the function of the entire system, so they can be fragile. 4.2 Hierarchical Control Organised in a hierarchical tree, this control system decomposes the problem and allocates it to separate controllers which take control of a subset of the system functions. This can exist over a number of levels, meaning each function could be controlled individually. Optimal control is still possible within a hierarchical architecture as there is always a path to a top-level node; however, not all information can travel through every path. Commonly some filtering of data occurs between levels. In contrast to centralised control, the control algorithm is much simpler due to decomposition. This means the time and cost of implementation are much lower. Between the different branches of the structure, there is a degree of independence, reducing the effect of system degradation. However, there is usually delay in the processing of each algorithm and in the feedback loop. 4.3 Heterarchical Control Heterarchical control architecture is more robust than hierarchical control and is very flexible and extensible. Additional system functions, such as manufacturing processes and equipment, can be added with almost no added system control cost. However, heterarchical architecture lacks centralised visibility of the system as a whole which means planning can be sub-optimal; this control system is sometimes referred to as being short sighted. Though this does mean that short-term decision making is very good. [4] 4.4 RTV Robot Cell Control System Centralised control is not suitable for the RTV robot cell system. The reason for this being the fact that it is too expensive to create and change. Additionally, the fault tolerance of the control system must be taken into account. A manufacturing line with such high demand for machine availability must not be crippled by the loss of just one signal. The most suitable and, as it happens, the current control system architecture for this system would be hierarchical. The main downside to this architecture is its response time when there are lots and lots of levels. However, its strengths are combines the strengths of the other two control architectures discussed, albeit slightly diluted. Heterarchical control has strengths that would be fantastic for an automated cell in a manufacturing environment, but its weaknesses deem it unacceptable. If one could combine hierarchical and heterarchical architectures and take away the myopic nature of heterarchy, it could be a system which improves how automated cells are controlled. 5. Multi-Agent Systems A multi-agent system is a system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. For problems that are too difficult or even impossible for an individual agent to solve, multi-agent systems can be used. Commonly thought of as being computerised, the agents within a multi-agent system could also be robots, humans, human teams or a combination of humans and robots. There are three different types of agents: Passive agents, agents without goals. Active agents, agents with simple goals. Cognitive agents, agents containing complex calculations. Agents can also be reactive or deliberative, this can be represented by the BDI model (figure 6- below). BDI stands for Belief, Desire, Intention where belief is knowledge of the environment, desire is the need to satisfy an objective and intention is the ability to command action(s). Deliberative agents extend the BDI model to include a symbolic model of the external environment- including data and relationships, memory, the ability to plan and the ability to choose between alternative actions. One could make a case to incorporate multi-agent systems within an automated robot cell at the present time. There is a need for configurability, for example, when a new derivative of engine is introduced and the robot has to be programmed to function differently. The system will need robustness, so if one agent is lost it does not compromise the whole system. However using a hierarchical architecture provides a sufficient degree of configurability and robustness with less cost and complexity. Multi-agent systems provide dynamic task allocation rather than pre-planned schedules, for an automated robot cell this is not needed, automation needs efficiency in static conditions [5]. 6. Conclusion The automated RTV application robot cell is currently in the operational phase of the system lifecycle, it is in need of improvement however it is not the system that needs improving. The system works as it is meant to, however, it is the incorrect system that is in place which is causing the problems. As automotive technology moves towards electrification and autonomous behaviour there will be a need to include more and more multi-agent systems within the vehicles themselves but also within manufacturing systems. There will be a need for greater flexibility, adaptability, reconfigurability and collaboration.ÂÂ   Unfortunately, incorporating a multi-agent system in this instance would not have a positive impact on this system. 7. References [1] Kossiakoff, Sweet, Seymour, Biemer. (2011). System Life Cycle. In: Sage, A. Systems Engineering Principles and Practice. 2nd ed. New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. 77. [2] Lecture provided PowerPoint slides. [3] Ian Sommerville. (2008). Centralized Control. Available: https://ifs.host.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Books/SE9/Web/Architecture/ArchPatterns/CentralControl.html. Last accessed 14/02/17. [4] J.M. van de Mortel-Fronczak and J.E. Rooda. (1997). Heterarchical Control Systems for Production Cells. . 1 (1), 213-217. [5] Various. (). Multi-agent system. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-agent_system. Last accessed 20/02/17.

Catcher in the rye dairy entires

Catcher In the Rye: Diary entries * Be the main character from your novel. * Create fictional diary entries about each chapter. * Each entry you need to write in first person in the point of view of the main character. * Possible Ideas about the entry: You can write what happened to the character in that chapter, and have the character reflect on the events that happened, what he/she would have done differently, or what that character questions; any possible connections to family, values, historical events or prior events.Dairy entry #1 : Hello, I'm here in my rest home in which I came for therapy. I don't really want to talk about my early life. But I to have mention D. B my older brother that is a Hollywood writer which I believe that he is only searching for fame. My life's a complete mess I tell you. I was attending Penny Prep back in Pennsylvania. Just because I was not ready to â€Å"apply myself†, I flunk four of my five courses thus I will never come back, that's for s ure. I remember I was there overlooking the football field which I had no interest in being there were Penny plays its annual grudge.I was there because I was supposed to be in New York because I'm the manager of the fencing team but I accidents lost the teams utile on the subway and all, but I actually don't care. I have really good memories form things that happen there but I sure had to leave. I remember having to go and say goodbye to Mr.. Spencer because he meant a lot to me, although his smoking kills me. Dairy entry #2: So I go and greet Mr.. Spencer and OMG he is in decrepit conditions. As always he was trying to lecture me on my academic failures and his quotes about all this crappy things.I do hate him when he told me that he had flunked me. I couldn't handle on more word; I Just hate to be lectured. So guess what I did? (Obviously not trying to rut that accusations). Yeah baby I left to my dorm room. Dairy entry #3: So I was there living in Johannesburg hall, reading my b ook with my hunting hat when I was interrupted by Ackley. Btw, he is a student who lives next door who is terrible hygiene when it comes to his teeth and is always making up lies on how â€Å"sexual active† he is. While he was trying to mug me, Seedeater enters my room and mentions some kind of date he is having.You are probably wondering who Seedeater is, so yeah Seedeater is the one good looking tall and attractive guy, who I don t know why always get to handle sexy girls. Diary entry #4: So I am there next to that Jerk talking to him while he shaves and whistles the â€Å"Son of India† with his piercing whistles that never tune. Just for the sake of it I have to say UK I hate how his razor is always so dirty. He is quite attractive though. Seedeater all the sudden asks me to write his English composition about some god dam descriptive thing and tougher then writing him a composition was that I had to â€Å"not stick all the commas in the right place. Why? Because h e was a stupid bastard that didn't do well at all in his English class. Then I started tap dancing for the sake of it. After a while of doing stupid things together I asked him who his date was and he wouldn't tell me for while, then after a couple of guesses he told me he was dating Jean Gallagher. His date was Jane Gallagher. Yeses! My Jane Gallagher. I talked to Seedeater about her for a while and told him to send her my regards and to no tell her I got kicked out. Then Ackley entered the room again. I think this was the very first time I was glad to see him and set there touching his dirty face until dinner time.Dairy entry #5 We were their having the same meal as every Saturday night the same steak. When we got out of the dining room we got about three inches of snow in the ground. I didn't have nothing to do so me and my friend Mall and Ackley decided to go to the movies like an old couple of gays. But instead we went and ate some hamburgers'. When we came back we handed toget her for a while and as always Ackley was always saying his stories about a girl he should have had sex with. After he left my room I stared writing the composition.I had no idea what to write about but then all the sudden I diced I was going to write about Allies baseball mitt my litter brother that died. He had read head and was terrifically intelligent. In fact the most intelligent of my family. That might probably be because he was left handed some believe that if you are left handed you are smarter. I loved him and I loved to play with him. God, he was a nice kid. I slept in the garage the night he died and broke all the windows in there. Anyways, that's what I wrote Straddle ‘RSI composition about and it was about ten-thirty when I finished it.I was board so I Just sat there looking through the window. Diary entry #6 I am stuck here in my rest room and its quite hard to remember everything that appended but I do remember that when Stalled got back from hid date and saw th e composition he hated it. He said it was supposed to be about something god dam descriptive and that what I did. But no, he had to complain about it so I took the paper and ripped it. I was no really glad I did that but I had to do it. I was really mad at him. I lit on a cigarette Just to bother Stalled, he hated when people broke the rules.He sat there cutting his stinky nails and said sit about his date. I remember he was quit late. After a while of my asking he stared fooling with me and I told him to cut it out. He told me he stayed in a car. In the basket ball coaches car. He said he gave her â€Å"the time†. We fought for a while, I fight in which I didn't have to get into because it ended with him sitting on my God dam chest and my nose was quite bleeding. I was so bucking mad. When the hell was he going to stop giving girls the time, especially to girls like Jane? I thought the probably Ackley heard the fight so I crossed the curtains and went to his room.After all I am so glad that I had Ackley, he is someone I can go to when I am down and he is going to understand me. Sometimes Seedeater is not more than a pain in the ass. Diary entry #7 Hello Diary so I went into Cackles room and turned on the lights and Ackley woke up. I was very down I swear, I lied there in Eels bed, that's Cackles roommate. He had gone home for the week end. That room stinted , I mean after all it was Cackles room. I Just started calling Ackley a prince and a gentleman and he really was. He asked me what the fight was about but I was a very long story.I sat there and thought about Jane and all. It drove me crazy. Every time I thought about that I Just wanted to Jump of the window. Ackley reminded me that Ely would flip if he came in and saw me in is bed but I couldn't care less. After a while Ackley slept and I was trying not to think about the situation but I Just couldn't, it kept poking my brain. After I while I heard stupid Seedeater come back from the can and go to the room. I was thinking about joining to monastery and asked Ackley about it but then decided it was not my thing. I know I'm not that religious.I got up from Eels bed and walked toward the door. I decided to leave this atmosphere in this place was driving crazy. I didn't know if this would be a good choice but I was sick and tired. On my way stopped to say good bye o Ackley. I packed my stuff and left everybody was asleep and the corridor was empty. I Just wanted to leave Penny that's all I wanted to do. Diary entry #8: I took the worst decision I could have ever taken, walk to the station I know it wasn't too far but I was freezing. Every part of me hated that type of cold but it was too late to call a cab.So I got to the station and only had to wait about ten minutes to get a train. I get board in trains and I was thinking about buying some magazines but then I tough I was not even going to read them because the situation I was in. I Just didn't feel like it. So the train arrive d and this lady set next to me. The whole train was empty but no, she had to seat right next to me. Just for the sake of it She look at my bags and saw the Penny prep sticker so she told me her son Ernest Morrow goes to Penny prep and asked me if I knew him. I did know him but he was a Jerk and a bastard he was a perfect definition of a accusations.Rather than me sitting there and telling her what a bastard her son was I sat there and I lied about what a good boy her son was an how sociable he was. After a while I asked her if she wanted to get a cocktail with me. What was I thinking, this woman know my age. I'm not fooling anyone. She denied the invitation. Then she asked why I was here and I lied about having this little tumor operated. I realized I was lying a little bit too much so I Just started reading my timetable. I was hoping she didn't ask anything else because I know I can lie for a while. I know it's wrong but it's so interesting.Diary entry #9: As soon as I got to Penn satiation I felt like giving someone a buzz. I felt lonely I thought about calling several people but it was too late at night. I was afraid if I called my little sister phoebe my mom would pick up the phone and notice it was me. Everyone had an excuse for why not to call them so I ended up not calling everybody. It was quit depressive though. So I got in a cab and ask the taxi driver to drive me to some goofy place and what he did was to get mad and I realized he was kind of a bastard so I Just told him to drive me to Edmond.I asked him to stay with me for a while, yeah that how lonely I was and he said he couldn't. I got to Edmond and check in, when straight up to my room and UN packed and all. That hotel was full of perverts you could tell by only seeing through the window. Sex is something I don't ally understand. It's kind of something extremely hot and UN heritable. I some for a while as I always do but I don't know why because I know its harmful but I still do it. I was feeli ng horse so I called this girl up that no a where but quit sexy. She kind of wrecked my planes down but what the hell.Whatever. Diary entry # 10: If you didn't know I hate to go to bed when I am not tired. So I was no tired at all and it was not that light so I went down to the lavender room where they had a club. I was really missing phoebe. I am a very sentimental guy let me tell you. So I went down to he Lavender room and stood there for a while and I order something but no I'm no aged enough for the accusations that attended me so I had to order coco. For the first time in my life I see the club tree young women alone. One was k, the other two were horrible.So I invited the cute one to dance to Buddy Dinners horrible music but talking to her you could notice why she was alone. She was a kind of stupid retard. Then I came over to the table where they were and talked to all three for a while. They talked about famous people and pretty much the same thing the pretty one told me tha t they had seen this famous guy named Peter Lore. Girls my friend.. .Girls can drive you crazy. They talked about where they work and many crap. Then they said they had to leave. Their names where Bernice Krebs or Crabs something like that , the two ugly ones name where Marty and Lavender.It was a cool night though the club was not awesome but it was something. Diary entry #11: Jane Gallagher in my mind again. Bucking Seedeater. I remember the whole day of when I met her and it was all because of a stupid Doberman Pinscher pooping on my mothers lawn and all. I hated when she was crying and I remember seeing her crying next to the swimming pool at the club. It was all like in the movies when a prince see a princess crying and then its all romantic and stuff. Yeah, that kind' crap. She always read and I loved to see her reading.I still have the picture in my head if when I was showing her Allies baseball mitt that had all the poetry because I knew she loved poetry. We were close to ki ssing one day but she didn't let me. I always thought of Jane like a different kind of girl. Any way that was what I was thinking while sitting in the sticking lobby chair. I thought that I knew she was not going to let him even get to first base but I was not actually that sure at all. The lobby was so depressing that I only got up to my room and sat down. I was quite board I tell you.So I went down to the lobby again and got a cab that drove me to Ermine's night club down at Greenwich Village. D. B uses to go there. Ernie is a big black fat guy who plays the piano. And he kills me, he think his an all star artist but he really stinks that the actual truth about the situation. Diary entry #12: The cab who brought me there was a freeing sticking old little cab and the taxi driver was all impatient guy. Like all other cab drivers. I'm sick and tiered of all theses god dam taxi drivers I need a car. I mean, taxi drivers are not even persons, they act like animals sometimes.So I go aga in and ask him what do the ducks do when the lagoon in central park freezes and he has no bucking idea. Then we stars to get all passed and then I ask him what fish do. I really made him think about that, really made him think about all these things. Btw his name was Hurwitz. Anyway, I finally got to Ermine's and what I padded old Hurwitz told me, â€Å"If I was a fish, Mother Natured take care you, wouldn't she? , you don't think them fish would die when it gets to winter? † I think he might have been the touchiest guy Vive ever meet.So I went into Ermine's I don't know why still but I was there and sat down like always they asked me for my age and I sat down on a table way on the corner on the back of the bar. The place was full of people clapping for the wrong thing like Ernie playing the piano. Many ugly girls that I believe have it tough. All the sudden I saw Lillian Simmons. This is a girl my brother was dating a long time ago. I talked for a while with her and she aske d me to go with her but I was not really in the mood, Vive actually should have gone. But you could see the interest she had in me she was not thanks to me, was because of my brother.She clearly has an interest in my brother still. Diary entry #13: So I walked back to the hotel. Not that I felt like walking but I certainly didn't fell like taking another stupid cab with another stupid taxi driver. So I walked forty-one blocks. It remembered me of the time when I left Pence Prep and I walked to the train station. I was missing my gloves, it was god dam freezing. If I knew what accusations have stolen my gloves back at Pence I would kiss their ass believe me I'm kind of a yellow guy and all. Well after all I might not be all yellow and stuff I manly Just one who doesn't give a damn about anything.Finally I get to my hotel and in the elevator the elevator guy tells me if I want a hook up that he could send me one so I was very exited it was going to be my first time. Tough I had quite a lot of chances to loose my virginity. So I went up and got all ready. After I while I didn't even feel like it. The prom is I get really sorry for them. I mean some don't know that they are even doing. After a while of practically doing anything with her, because as I said I felt like sit. I thanked her and gave her five bucks, but no. That accusations told me it was ten.The elevator dude had said five. So I told her to leave with the five and eave me alone. Diary entry #14: I was sitting in my chair up at my room. Smoking some cigarettes and thinking about past events in my life when all the sudden Bam Bam, someone was knocking my heat was really hard at the moment. It was sunny and Maurice charging me the bucking five dollar I apparently owed, but no one told me that. I said I didn't owe anything but what for? It only passed him more. He threatened me to tell my parents that I spent the night with a where. So sunny went and looked for my wallet.He Maurice snapped his finger in m y you know. And then punched me in the stomach they got the god am five dollars and left the hell of there. I stayed in the room for about an hour taking a shower and all. I got to bed and finally got some got dam sleep. All I felt was like suicide of Jumping out the window. Diary entry #1 5: I didn't sleep long. I was very hungry the last time I had eaten g was those hamburgers with Ackley and Brassard. Vive probably instead of wasting my money in some stupid woman in a stupid club at a stupid launders room I should have spent some in food.So I Just smoked a cigarette and that's it. I called Sally and we made an appointed to meet each other under the clock at the Baltimore at two. So yeah I made a date with her. So I got into a stupid cab again and went to grand central station. I check my wallet and I'm not as packed as before though my father is quite wealthy that it not an excuse of why should I be throwing money to the sky and all. My mother hasn't felt to healthy since Allele died that another reason not to tell them that I got expelled form Penny Prep. So I got to the grand and took a train where I met some god old nuns and stuff.One of them thought English classes and I talked to her for a while since English was the only subject I had not flunked. After a while they ere trying to find out if I where catholic. I gave them ten bucks; I wanted to give them more. They wouldn't let me tough. Well, whatever I need money for tickets and stuff. God dam money is always a mess and stuff. Diary entry #16: Hey, so I got there and got my breakfast but it as around noon and stuff. I made the appointment with sally at around noon so I had nothing to do and went for a walk. I tell you, I could go on miles and miles walking and never get tired.The nuns were in my head. To me honest with you I do not imagine anyone that I know doing that kind of charity, probably my mother. But my mother is not that Christian after all I think so. Then I see this family walking down th e street seeing everything around and I caught a little girl singing. I also saw a family with a mom a dad and a little boy that sang beautiful. He was singing that song â€Å"If a body catch a body coming through the rye. † Then I was kind of board and I thought maybe I game old Jane a buzz but I was no in the mood to talk with her god dam mother.I'm really moody guy. So I went ahead and bought some phonies tickets to a phonies show and stuff witch I knew sally would like. I hate shows but I knew old Sally would like the stupid show. All the sudden I came up with this lousy idea to look for Phoebe I don't exactly know why I wanted to look for her but I did, my idea to talk to a little girl which I tough would know her was very bad I looked like kid of a pedophilia. Anyways the girl told me she might be at the museum and thus I got there. And then I got all sad or happy o I don't know what was actually.When I tough about phoebe and stuff in the museum and looking at the anima ls and stuff Indians made in ancient times. I remember all those classes we talked about Columbus and all the stuff Isabella lending him dough to buy ships and all. I mean I loved the god dam museum. I can remember all the time I went in here. I Just saw everything and imagined her seeing the same things I saw and being different every time. It Just made me nostalgic. Diary entry #17: so it was about time to go to my date and all and then I got there and all touts stupid girls sitting there I mean It was probably because it was time for vacations and all.You could see on there face that they would probably all marry stupid guys. Then I saw Sally coming to me. I don't know if it was the impact on seeing someone I knew finally or that I if I really felt love inside me. I mean I could really feel the love flowing in the air. And I told her I loved her and all but of course I lied, but after all I meant it. So we went to see the stupidest play ever which she enjoyed. When we were coming out of the play and all some stupid guy she told me she knew came up to us and was all flirting and stuff, you could see over his clothes that he was a very rich guy.After she had the idea to go ice skate and all so we went and we fell and all. We looked awesome and all but in the end we didn't even know how to sake. When we finished skating we sat down and talked for I while, I have to admit it I talked al lot of sit to it UT I meant it you know. I meant it. Everything that had to do with marrying her and living together and love and all I said it. I told her something about moving to Vermont and cabin camps and everything. The all the sudden this words came out of my mouth, muff give me a royal pain in the ass, if you want to know the truth. She started to cry and all then I was bucking afraid of her god dam father which hated me so damn much but whatever then she left telling me not to take her home but whatever who cares. After all I really do not meant what I tell her but what ever she need to be happy and stuff I don't care. Tough I meant when I asked about marrying her I still don't care. Diary entry # 18: So when I left the skating rink I felt hungry and stuff and ate something. I thought about giving Jane another buzz to take her dancing and all because I knew she was a great dancer.I knew as well she liked the type of man that had zero brain and a lot of muscles. Which she had had inferiority complex and stuff. It's hard for me to understand girls I mean they say sit, a lot of sit. If they like a guy then they classify him as the type of guys that had inferiority complex and if they don't like the guy they ay he had inferiority complex as well. What the hell happens to girls. Its so hard for me to understand them, sometimes I prefer not to even think about them. Anyway I do not regret giving old Jane a buzz because she didn't even answer.So I called my old friend and stuff which I really liked and all. He was very smart by the way. He told me he coul d not meet with me so I went to the radio city movie and saw this hellhole bored thins that ended up with everybody laughing after all the drama and stuff. I recommend you not to see it because it is bucking bored. So we meet at this cool lace and stuff after dinner and all. While I walked to the place and all I thought about war and all. I have no clue why. Anyways it reminded me of D. B my brother, we has in the army for a while.He said the army was full of bastards and stuff. I started to remind me of Ackley and Seedeater in the army with me. D. B hated the army but still loved the bucking book of â€Å"The Great Gatsby' and stuff. Tough I liked it too. I'm so glad they invented the freaking atomic bomb; whenever they explode it again I would be the volunteer who sat on it. I actually don't know why I think that but whatever. Diary Entry #19: So I got to the bar and all, up at Sexton Hotel and I star to think about Luck and what an amazing guy he really is, his big and mature an d stuff.He is three years older than me and studies at Columbia University. Back when I was at Whatnot School Luck was the most amazing dude ever. He talked to us about hooking up and sex and stuff. Though I still think he is a phony. So he got to the place and all it was cool and all. I tried pocking his mind into talking to me about some sex stuff but he was not that into that. I think he was probably ashamed or something I don't really know what was it. He probably had gown now and leaves the â€Å"taboo† or whatever people call it behind. Anyway got really passed and left the bar.He was saying that I need some psychoanalysis sit. His dad was a psychoanalyst and all, I wonder if he had ever done one to his son. I don't care if he got annoyed by my questions an all I at least had someone to get entertained with. Diary entry #20: So Luck left the bar but I didn't really care I Just sat around and kept getting drunk. I don't really know why I wanted to get drunk anyhow. I at least wanted to get some girl from the bar to look at me but I was drunk as hell. So called the waiter to go ask a girl something for me but he probably didn't ask because it was bobbies he didn't care.People Just don't give others your massage. It makes me flip every time people do that. Just like Jane and Seedeater; he didn't give my god dam massage to her, and the waiter at Ermine's bar did the same sit. C'mon people! So I paid and everything and went out of the bar because I felt like giving old Jane a buzz again, I was drunk as buck you know. I went inside the phone booth to call her and all but I was not in the mood so I called old Sally Hayes. I dialed about twenty number before I dialed the erect one. I was DRUNK I tell you.So I went on with Sally and her grandma and I made a show out of me and all she kept saying me was to go home and all. I wish I would not have ever called her. By that time and the level of alcohol in my head I didn't even know where I had to be so I walk straight to the park where I went to see the ducks in the lake. I had a hard time finding the god dam lake, when I got there the ducks were not there. It was damn cool, I was freezing. I thought maybe I would have died of pneumonia and all. I thought of the bastard that would visit me. I hope someone would dump me in the river and all.Because who really wants to be in the cemetery all dead and all with flowers in your belly. After all I decided to go see phoebe I really missed her. I had spent a lot of money since I left Penny so I walked home. It was freezing and by then I was not that drunk. Diary entry #21: I am darn crazy, I have no idea what I problem is. The point is that I had the best brake ever. So I got home and Pete the regular guy that's always there was not here. There was this new guy I believe. So I needed a way to get up to my apartment so I said to the guy I needed to get to the Dickens's'.He told me they were up on the urethane floor in a party. He told me to stay and wait. I couldn't Just stay and wait! So I came up with a story about how I had this bad leg and it had to be in a certain position and all. So finally he felt pity for me and took me up so I Just waited till the elevator closed and instead of going to the Dickens's' side I turned to my house. So I opened up with my key and all and then I smelled the smell of my house, I could feel I was home. I sneaked in I knew the maid couldn't hear me because when she was little her brother stuck a straw right up her ear and all.I knew that if I touched anything my mother could hear me she had the lightest sleep ever, the straight opposite of my dad. So I went looking for Phoebe and found her sleeping in D. BBS room. She was there laying on the bed and all. I really missed her I loved old Phoebe a lot. I always say kids look lovely when they are a sleep. I love them all. So I sat there reading Phoebes stuff that was up o D. BBS huge desk. Anyways, I woke her up, honestly she is not very diff icult to wake anyways. So she wakes up and holds me and hugs e. She's a really affectionate girl though.Then I gave her a kiss. We talked for quite a lot of time. About everything in the world. Then I found out my mother and my father were not home but they weren't going to be home any way. I asked her if B. D was going to be home for Christmas but she didn't know. She told me something about a play he was writing and all I didn't really care at all. Then all the sudden she knew that got kick out. She knew because she smart people I tell you, she's damn smart. She told me about one hundred times that dad was going to kill me. I kind of knew but didn't think about it that much.I was talking to Phoebe which told me that I didn't like anything. I really didn't after all. I Just kind, like only kind like James Castle this guy who Jumped out of a window back at Election. She then told me what I would like to be when I grow up and in a summary of all I said I wanted to be the Catcher in t he rye and all. This comes from a poem by Robert Burns. Diary entry # 23: Mr.. Anatolian is very nice I mean he told me that late at night I could go to his house, in which I actually planned to sleep there. I told him I had flunked out of Penny I don't know why, I Just felt like to tell him.He was about the best teacher I ever had. Mr.. Anatolian was pretty young tough, was only a few years older then B. D. He was the one to pick up James back at Election when he flew out the window. So I stayed there with Phoebe and all we talked about her dresses and her plays and everything. We were then and then she told me to hush and all then I heard me parents come in, then I ran inside the closet and all and she came in told talked to Phoebe for a while then she left. So I went out of the closet when she left and decided I had to go. That was the exact moment to go so I put my shoes on and left.Phoebe asked me where would I stay and I planned to stay at Mr.. Anatolian house. Then I started to cry and all and Phoebe was scared and all but I Just cried and cried and all. Then I left and actually it was harder to sneak in then to sneak out. Tough I really didn't care if I got caught after all. Diary entry #24: So I went to Mr.. Antagonist apartment and all it was this very swanky apartment. Mr.. Anatolian was friends with B. D and when B. D went to Hollywood he said the someone like D. B had no business going there. Let me tell you I had to walk because I didn't want to spend Phoebes Christmas dough.So I got to their house and it was full of sit all over the place, it had glasses all over the place and dishes with peanuts. Mrs.. Anatolian didn't even want me to see her because she was all ugly and all. So we sat there and talked sit and all we has lecturing me as always and all. He asked a question or a â€Å"pedagogical† question as he said and from then on we would stop lecturing me. So Mrs.. Anatolian brought Coffey and then went back to sleep and all. Mr.. Ana tolian was drinking and he was quite a drunk bastard. He told me something that quiet scared me, he said that the sad talked to my father and my father was worried about me.He told me he didn't even know what to say to me, and frankly I understood him. So he lectured me a lot while I was tired. So told me how applied I had to be at school. He told me something I had never thought about, he said,†you're no the first person who was ever confused or frightened and even sickened by human behavior. † And that my friend, it the complete truth. He was really drunk by then. He told me as well, that only educated and scholarly man are able to contribute something valuable in the world and he really meant that those are the valuable records the come behind a man of that kind.I was really sleepy let me tell you, all the sudden I yawned, it was very rude I know, I don't know why I did that man. So he kind of notice I was sleepy he didn't get mad or anything, but after all I was happ y but a little ashamed. So while he fixed up the couch and all he asked me for my woman a sally and Jane and all those separate stories which I was really not in the mood to talk about. The couch was too short let me tell you but I dint mind. He told me something about finding out the size or your mind and all. So then he left me there and I slept, I was really sleepy so I slept right away.Then all the sudden the weirdest sit happened to me. I felt something rubbing my head in the middle of the night and it as old bastard Mr.. Anatolian rubbing my bucking head. So woke up as fast as I could and got all my things on and left. He followed me until the elevator and it was all creepy and stuff. I stared sweating and I really didn't even know what to say. That kind of stuff happened to me a lot and I can't stand it. Diary entry #25: After I left Mr.. Antagonist house it was damn cold outside and I took the sub down to Grand Central to take my bags, I really don't feel like saying much bu t let me tell you that I slept there.After all I should have probably stayed at his house because he was ere nice to me talking about finding the size of your mind and all. So I was Just there sitting down and I started to read this magazine that talked about hormones and cancer and sit so I figured I was most likely getting cancer and was paranoid as hell. So I went out to look for some breakfast and I walked trough the street it was all Christmas. This two guys bucking with a Christmas tree made melange and while I laugh I almost vomit. I felt sick but I Just kept looking around for the nuns I had meet but I couldn't see them. So I walked up to Fifth Avenue.I was sweating like a bastard ND I don't like to admit it but you could say I was hallucinating because I could talk to my brother Allele in the moment. So then while walking an awesome idea came to my mind, I decide I will never go home again and I will go far away I could give old phoebe her Christmas dough she landed me and then leave. To be honest to you right now, I don't know what the heck I was thinking. I was thinking I could go far west and work at a gas station and marry a deaf-mute because I would pretend to be one too, I had no clue what the heck was I thinking I Just made up this damn sorts of my life in my head.So I guess I could go to old phoebes school and take her a note telling her to meet me at the museum to give her back her dough. So that's Just what I did, I knew exactly where her school was because I had studied there was well. Point is I got there and all and I went to the receptionist at school and all and the little time I was there at school I saw about a million â€Å"Buck you† writing everywhere around the school. It pieces me off. Mostly because I don't want old Phoebe reading that kind of things, it really does pips me. Any ways I Just left and I had time to kill still till I meet

Operant Conditioning by B. F Skinner - 1580 Words

Introduction People do on a day to day basis, many actions without realizing it, and most of the time, they don’t know why they do them. Certain reinforcements, some positive, and some negative have conditioned their actions and thoughts. In this essay, I chose Burrhus Frederic Skinner who came up with the theory of operant conditioning. B. F. skinner,(March 20, 1904 – August 18, 1990) is an American psychologist who believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. As Skinners theory was based on the earlier work of Thorndike, he also believed that the best way to understand a behavior is to look at the causes of the†¦show more content†¦For example he studies the behavior of rats under carefully controlled laboratory conditions. Skinner Box Skinner illustrated positive reinforcement by placing a hungry rat in his Skinner box (Appendix 2). The box contained a lever in the side and as the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock the lever. As the lever move, a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. The consequence of receiving food if they pressed the lever ensured that they would repeat the action again and again. Skinner illustrated negative reinforcement by placing a rat in his Skinner box and then subjecting it to an unpleasant electric current which caused it some discomfort. As the rat moved about the box it would accidentally knock into the lever. Immediately as it did so, the electric current would be switched off. The rats quickly learned to go straight to the lever after a few times of being put in the box. The consequence of escaping the electric current ensured that they wo uld repeat the action again and again. Human and animals are not alike Based on the Skinner box, we are able to conclude that Skinner actually conducts and derived his theories from rats and other animals such as pigeon. The experiment on pigeon was referred to as the â€Å"Superstition in Pigeon† in which a pigeon was kept in a cage and at regularShow MoreRelatedThe Theory Of Behavioral Learning Theory901 Words   |  4 PagesB. F. Skinner is one of the top psychologist who invented the radical behaviorism and critical psychiatry. B. F. Skinner believed that behavior is maintained from one condition to another through similar or same consequences across situations. Skinner believed that actions followed by a positive effect tend to be repeated, while actions followed by negative effect were not. 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Skinner believed that learning during operant conditioning is done based upon the outcome of a given situation (LefrancoisRead MoreThe Theory of Operant Conditioning1136 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ The Theory of Operant Conditioning PSY390 October 6, 2014 Introduction The study of human behavior by psychologists such as B.F. Skinner, Edward Thorndike, Ivan Pavlov, and Watson is fascinating. These five psychologists each have different theories on human behavior. There are similarities and differences in each of the theories. Ivan Pavlov’s classical conditioning theory, studied animals and formed the basis for behavioral psychology (Cherry, 2013). Edward Thorndike’sRead MoreBehavior Investigation And The Concept Of Reinforcement1403 Words   |  6 Pagespsychologist. In an attempt to analyze human conduct, B. F. Skinner presented behavior investigation and the concept of reinforcement. Skinner was raised in a little railroad town name Susquehanna in Pennsylvania (Bjork, 1993). 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The Crusades A Page In Worlds History - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2165 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/08/08 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: Crusades Essay Did you like this example? The Crusades were multiple religious holy wars between the Christians and Muslims. To understand more of the Crusades you need to understand the religious background of it first. There were three major religions during the time of The Crusades which were Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Crusades: A Page In Worlds History" essay for you Create order Judaism is the oldest of the three religions, origins dating back to 1850 BC. The Christian religion began as a sect of Judaism, but soon attracted many non-Jewish converts and diverged further further and further from Jewish practices and beliefs. Christianity soon became the number one religious belief. Christians considered Jerusalem to be their most sacred city because it was the site of many important events in the life of Christ. Jerusalem and Israel fell under control of the Roman Empire during the first century A.D. the period in which Christianity arose. Emperor Constantine converted Christianity and declared it as the official religion of the Empire, enabling Christianity to spread throughout the vast territory under Roman domination. By the fifth century, the Roman Empire had grown so enormous that it was divided into two parts the western and eastern which was ruled by two emperors. Rome remained the capital of the western region while Byzantium renamed Constantinople in honor of Constantine served as the capital of the eastern region. The Western Church was governed by the pope in Rome and the Byzantine emperor was the head of the Eastern Church.   The division of the Roman Empire, as well as the   different fates of the two areas, contributed to a growing disparity between the eastern and western branches of Christianity. Overtime the Byzantine emperor and the Roman popes fought to gain total control over the church. Tension boiled when the pope excommunicated the patriarch of Constantinople, one of the highest-ranking clergy of the Eastern Church. The Muslims also posed a threat to Western Christians. The southern regions of spain fell into the hands of Muslim invaders in the early seven hundreds, Sardinia and Corsica were toppled a century later, and Sicily came under Muslim domination in nine hundred and two. Throughout the eighth century, the Muslims made unsuccessfully advances on France; during the ninth century they raided several cities in southern Italy and terrorized the outskirts of Rome. During the tenth and eleventh centuries, popes led armies in repulsing the Muslims from Italy, and Spanish Christians began the long reconquest of their lands. Thus, by the time of the First Crusade, Western Europeans were long accustomed to fighting Muslims. Many people considered the Crusades as simply an extension of their struggle to drive the Muslims out of Europe. The common knights we think of when we hear about the crusades is a man in a full suit of armour and have a giant red cross on their chest. They’re called Templar’s. Founded by a knight from Champagne, Hugh of Paynes. Hugh persuaded King Baldwin the first of Jerusalem to give him a wing in the royal palace, which had once been a mosque and was situated in the area of the temple. The Templars, though at first being under Benedictine control, soon became independent and established themselves as a tight-knit community. With the active support of the king, they recruited far and wide, and formed themselves into three classes: first, the knights, who were often of noble birth and who wore a red cross on a black tunic. These sergeants, besides being warriors, also accepted as grooms, and bailiffs to the Templars. Thirdly the clerics, whose duties were religious, medical, and non-military. These knights were men of military and ambition who eagerly sought any opportunity of d efending the Kingdom of Jerusalem and of gaining favour with its king. The Templars in their pride did not bow their the knee to the king their only master being the pope. Soon the glamour and fighting-fame of the Templars rapidly spread through Europe, it was thought that these arrogant horsemen in the white tunics would become the most powerful Christians in the Arab world. The First Crusade began when pope Urban the second went to France and launched a titanic armed pilgrimage. The Crusaders set out on a quest to arrive at Constantinople. â€Å"I arrived at Constantinople with great joy by the grace of god the emperor verily received me with dignity and honor and with the greatest affection as if I were his own son.† Stephen of Blois wrote to his wife Adela after arriving in Constantinople. Here’s some background information on Stephen and why he was an important aspect of the crusades.   Stephen, often referred to as Stephen of Blois, was a grandson of William the Conqueror. He was King of England from 1135 to his death, and also the Count of Boulogne in right of his wife. Stephens reign was marked by the Anarchy, a civil war with his cousin and rival, the Empress Matilda. He was succeeded by Matildas son, Henry II, the first of the Angevin kings. Stephen was born in the County of Blois in middle France; his father, Count Stephen-Henry, died while Stephen was still young, and he was raised by his mother, Adela. Placed into the court of his uncle, Henry I, Stephen rose in prominence and was granted extensive lands. Stephen married Matilda of Boulogne, inheriting additional estates in Kent and Boulogne that made the couple one of the wealthiest in England. Stephen narrowly escaped drowning with Henry Is son, William Adelin, in the sinking of the White Ship in 1120; Williams death left the succession of the English throne open to challenge. When Henry I died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry of Blois, a powerful ecclesiastic, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry Is daughter, Empress Matilda. The early years of Stephens reign were largely successful, despite a series of attacks on his possessions in England and Normandy by David I of Scotland, Welsh rebels, and the Empress Matildas husband, Geoffrey of Anjou. In 1138 the Matilda’s half-brother Robert of Gloucester rebelled against Stephen, threatening civil war. Together with his close advisor, Waleran de Beaumont, Stephen took firm steps to defend his rule, including arresting a powerful family of bishops. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, however, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the south-west of England. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, Stephen was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. Stephen was freed only after his wife and William of Ypres, one of his military commanders, captured Robert at the Rout of Winchester, but the war dragged on for many years with neither side able to win an advantage. Stephen became increasingly concerned with ensuring that his son Eustace would inherit his throne. The King tried to convince the Church to agree to crown Eustace to reinforce his claim; Pope Eugene III refused, and Stephen found himself in a sequence of increasingly bitter arguments with his senior clergy. In 1153 the Empresss son, Henry FitzEmpress, invaded England and built an alliance of powerful regional barons to support his claim for the throne. The two armies met at Wallingford, but neither sides barons were keen to fight another pitched battle. Stephen began to examine a negotiated peace, a process hastened by the sudden death of Eustace. Later in the year Stephen and Henry agreed to the Treaty of Winchester, in which Stephen recognised Henry as his heir in exchange for peace, passing over William, Stephens second son. Stephen died the following year.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important person who was an important aspect of the Crusades was Pope Urban II. On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II made the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land. Born Odo of Lagery in 1042, Urban was a protege of the great reformer Pope Gregory VII. Like Gregory, he made internal reform his main focus, railing against simony (the selling of church offices) and other clerical abuses prevalent during the Middle Ages. Urban showed himself to be an adept and powerful cleric, and when he was elected pope in 1088, he applied his statecraft to weakening support for his rivals, which was Clement III. By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Land the area now commonly referred to as the Middle East had become a point of conflict for European Christians. Since the 6th century, Christians frequently made pilgrimages to Jerusalem, but when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred from the Holy City. When the Turks then threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Urban for help. This was not the first appeal of its kind, but it came at an important time for Urban. Wanting to reinforce the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks. At the Council of Clermont, in France, at which several hundred clerics and noblemen gathered, Urban delivered a rousing speech summoning rich and poor alike to stop their in-fighting and embark on a righteous war to help their fellow Christians in the East and take back Jerusalem. Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Urban’s war cry caught fire, mobilizing clerics to drum up support throughout Europe for the crusade against the Muslims. All told, between 60,000 and 100,000 people responded to Urban’s call to march on Jerusalem. Not all who responded did so out of piety: European nobles were tempted by the prospect of increased land holdings and riches to be gained from the conquest. These nobles were responsible for the death of a great many innocents both on the way to and in the Holy Land, absorbing the riches and estates of those they conveniently deemed opponents to their cause. Adding to the death toll was the inexperience and lack of discipline of the Christian peasants against the trained, professional armies of the Muslims. As a result, the Christians were initially beaten back, and only through sheer force of numbers were they eventually able to triumph. Urban died in 1099, two weeks after the fall of Jerusalem but before news of the Christian victory made it back to Europe. His was the first of seven major military campaigns fought over the next two centuries known as the Crusades, the bloody repercussions of which are still felt today. Urban was beatified by the Roman Catholic Church in 1881. The Western Church was governed by the pope in Rome and the Byzantine emperor was the head of the Eastern Church. The division of the Roman Empire, as well as the different fates of the two areas, contributed to a growing disparity between the eastern and western branches of Christianity. Hugh persuaded King Baldwin the first of Jerusalem to give him a wing in the royal palace, which had once been a mosque and was situated in the area of the temple. He was King of England from 1135 to his death, and also the Count of Boulogne in right of his wife. When Henry I died in 1135, Stephen quickly crossed the English Channel and with the help of his brother Henry of Blois, a powerful ecclesiastic, took the throne, arguing that the preservation of order across the kingdom took priority over his earlier oaths to support the claim of Henry Is daughter, Empress Matilda. When the Empress and Robert invaded in 1139, however, Stephen was unable to crush the revolt rapidly, and it took hold in the s outh-west of England. Captured at the battle of Lincoln in 1141, Stephen was abandoned by many of his followers and lost control of Normandy. Urban showed himself to be an adept and powerful cleric, and when he was elected pope in 1088, he applied his statecraft to weakening support for his rivals, which was Clement III.By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Land the area now commonly referred to as the Middle East had become a point of conflict for European Christians. Wanting to reinforce the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks.At the Council of Clermont, in France, at which several hundred clerics and noblemen gathered, Urban delivered a rousing speech summoning rich and poor alike to stop their in-fighting and embark on a righteous war to help their fellow Christians in the East and take back Jerusalem. Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.

Midterm Review Essay - 963 Words

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The follow question is one of two to be answered for the midterm. - BeShow MoreRelatedMidterm Review1485 Words   |  6 PagesInteractive Management Science MSamp;E 107/207, Midterm Review The Flaw of the Averages Mindle 1 / Uncertainty vs. Risk * Risk is in the eye of the beholder * Risk reflects how uncertain outcomes cause loss or injury to a particular individual or group * Risk attitude measures the willigness to incur risk in the quest of reward * Different risks to the same uncertainty Mindle 2 / An uncertain number is a shape * A distribution * â€Å"Uncertain numbers† * Risk is subjective Read MoreMidterm Review2002 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿The Federal Circuit Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction over the U.S. Claims Court. True Which of the following terms best describes the decision reached by an arbitrator? 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Martin Lynch-Gibbon, is a London wine merchant married to Antonia Free Essays

Martin Lynch-Gibbon, is a London wine merchant married to Antonia. They had wed due to convenience and they do not have a child. He is having an affair with Georgie, an academic younger than he is. We will write a custom essay sample on Martin Lynch-Gibbon, is a London wine merchant married to Antonia or any similar topic only for you Order Now She gets pregnant early on, but they end it. She attempts suicide after rejections by Martin and his brother. Seemingly out of nowhere, Antonia declares that she is leaving him. Martin is shocked. She goes with Palmer, one of their friends and her psychoanalyst. As it turns out, she and Palmer have been having an affair as well. Martin leaves their house, but he does not want his affair to go public, or be committed any further. Then he falls for Honor, Palmer’s stepsister who teaches anthropology at Cambridge. One night, he goes into her house uninvited and unannounced, and finds her in bed- with her stepbrother. Later, Antonia tells Martin that she has been seeing Alexander as well, his older brother, and it dates back to them having been introduced to each other. He turns to whisky to battle his problems. More than being an adulterer, he thinks of himself as a cuckold. â€Å"A Severed Head† explores fear of intimacy between the married couple, the fear of being in a relationship that values commitment. It also illuminates the ways in which sexual relationships are unraveled, especially when one manipulates or dominates the other. How to cite Martin Lynch-Gibbon, is a London wine merchant married to Antonia, Papers

Critical Care Nursing Health Restoration

Question: Describe about the Critical Care Nursing for Health Restoration. Answer: Introduction Sleep is a necessary natural function to preserve physiological and psychological health. Sleep is more vital for the critically ill patients of the intensive care unit for their health restoration. Yet, patients sleep in the ICU has been reported by a huge number of patients and their family members to be of reduced quality. Sleep alteration can be described as the apparent or definite changes in night-time sleep (both quantity and quality) with successive day-time deficiency. Sleep disruptions may be transient or acute, but frequently it is a recurrent difficulty in patients of intensive care unit. Sleep in ICU patients is frequently disrupted by diverse environmental factors of ICU settings. Sleep architecture gets significantly altered when sleep periods are fragmented by frequent awakenings due to ICU environmental factors. Numerous evidence suggested that a considerable percentage of ICU patients experience deprived sleep quality and repeated awakenings which subsequently contr ibute to physical and mental suffering. It is the duty of the nurses to mitigate these environmental factors contributing in sleep alteration for the wellbeing of the patients. Therefore, appropriate nursing interventions and recommendations are vital for patient-centered care. Sleeping alteration in intensive care patients Even though sickness, pain, discomfort, and medication subsidise to alterations of sleep patterns in patients of intensive care, the prime aspect producing sleep interruption is the ICU environment (Pisani 2015). Environmental elements including patient care activities (monitoring, therapeutic interventions and diagnostic measures), uncomfortable positions, excessive light, noise from several sources like alarms, conversations, ventilation, beepers, television and phones (Luetz et al. 2016) are have been purported to interrupt sleep in critically ill patients (Pisani et al. 2015). Major complaints from ICU patients include falling asleep, early morning awakenings with incapability to continue sleeping, remaining asleep, too much daytime drowsiness and non-restorative sleep (Pisani 2015). Irrespective of the causes, sleep alterations disrupts the circadian rhythm that plays an important role in the biological function and has been found to be connected with harmful bodily consequences such as fatigue,alterations in metabolism, immune function, protein catabolism and nitrogen stability (Pisani et al. 2015). Sleep deficiency and disturbance are identified to interrupt the recovery process in patients, reduce the quality of life and cognitive abilities. Furthermore, sleep pattern alterations can upsurge pain intensity, anxiety, and depression (Matthews 2011). According to the study of Carreira et al. (2015), even in critically ill patients without any sedation, sleep architecture, and quantity is severely disturbed. The severity of disease, comorbidities, and human interventions adversely upset sleep architecture and quantity. Sleep aberrations impact main ICU outcomes. Effects of noise level on sleep Noise intensities in ICU settings was recognized to be the prime environmental stressor for patients sleep alterations. Noise is a persistent factor in ICU due to the cacophony of medical activities and technological intensive care (Bihari et al. 2012).The World Health Organisation recommended that sound frequency within ICU must not surpass 30 decibel(A) at night in order to lessen sleep alteration. Noise intensities in ICU have progressively amplified over the last decades and healthcare professionals being the main source of the generated noises. Subjective investigations exploring the influences of sound on sleep specify that ICU patients ascertain the acquaintance to sound and incompetence to sleep as a key stressor (Luetz et al. 2016). In addition, objective surveys direct that the sound produced within the ICU environment is not favourable to the capability to sleep (Delaney et al. 2015). Effects of ICU medications on sleep Several of the drugs prescribed to the critically ill patients have strong effects of sleep pattern alterations. Opiates, antipsychotics, and benzodiazepines are associated with rapid eye movement sleep suppression. Standard sleep architecture can be affected by sedatives (Bihari et al. 2012). Sedation may have adverse impacts on sleep by affecting the normal characteristics of the sleep electroencephalogram (Matthews 2011 and Bihari et al. 2012). Figure 1: Impacts of drugs used in the Intensive Care Unit on sleep (Weinhouse and Schwab 2006). Physiological effects of sleep disturbance The chemo-sensitivity of the respiratory center of the brain is declined among sleep-deprived patients. Researches have showed many hostile impacts of sleep deficiency on respiratory muscle functioning (Kamdar et al. 2012). A substantial decrease in forced expiratory volume 1 (mean decline of six percent) and forced vital capacity (mean decline of five percent) in sleep-altered patients with the chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder compared to non-sleep-altered chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients have been observed. Findings suggest that sleep-deficient conditions may cause patient hypoventilation, harmfully causing pulmonary reserves and generally ability and readiness to accelerate preventing from mechanical ventilation (Delaney et al. 2015). The appearance of cardiovascular disorders due to sleep alteration originates from the stimulus of the sympathetic nervous structure and the discharge of the catecholamine adrenaline and noradrenaline. As a consequence, heart rate and blood pressure level get increased because of modifications in baroreflex sensitivity (Delaney et al. 2015). The adaptive immune system and the effective function of the T-cells was found to be susceptible to sleep alterations, as researchers have discovered that sleep performs a vital part in T-cells extravasation. Moreover, the functioning of natural killer cells was revealed to be harmfully affected by altered sleep conditions (Delaney et al. 2015). Disruption of circadian rhythm and sleep alteration in critical conditions cause dysfunction of innate immune response (Dengler et al. 2015). Irregular cortisol levels in intensive care patients cause disorders with circadian rhythms, as cortisol discharge is generally amplified earlier to awakening to facilitate the patient into a status prepared to be active. An escalation in cortisol amounts and reduction of melatonin creates a tendency for patients to be in the insomniac condition which can promote the worsening of catabolic activity and surges oxygen intake (Delaney et al. 2015). Sleep alterations negatively impact carbohydrate metabolism causing insulin resistance and clearance of glucose. The rise in sympathetic nervous system functioning and the subsequent pressure reaction overwhelms the discharge of insulin from -cells of pancreas. This event within the ICU patients can intensify underlying comorbidities, putting those patients at risks for other secondary complications. For instance, increased patient mortality has been linked with instability in blood glucose levels (Delaney et al. 2015). Psychological effects of sleep alteration Sleep alteration in ICU environment can lead to delirium. It is well-recognised that sleep alteration is a usual event in critically diseased patients and delirium arises often in patients at greater threats (Barr et al. 2013). A rising frame of evidence proposing that the advancement of delirium due to sleep alteration caused by the disturbing ICU environment is an independent prognosticator of the greater span of stay, amplified morbidity and mortality, disposition to an institutional setting from the hospital, and impairment of cognitive abilities during discharge from hospital (Pulak and Jensen 2016). Impacts of sleep alteration on social abilities and quality of life Numerous investigation data have established that sleep alteration has deleterious impacts on the patients quality of life in ICU both in the course of their hospitalization and for a different span of time afterward their discharge. It has been proposed that the sleep fragmentation, endured by ICU patients may be linked to persistent neurocognitive dysfunction (Barr et al. 2013). Contemporary studies of sleep alteration and chronic sleep deficiency have confirmed neuro-cognitive scarcities that mount up with time, regardless of any adaptation to the subjective sense of sleepiness (Kamdar et al. 2012). Clinical investigation of patients with obstructive sleep apnea, who also suffered from sleep alteration occasionally related with hemodynamic variability and hypoxia. These studies have exhibited the deformities in a wide range of neuro-cognitive and social activities some of which can even persist for months even after beginning of treatment with the constant affirmative approach (Ba rr et al. 2013). Role of the nurses in addressing and minimizing the impacts of sleep alteration in ICU Nurses deliver the holistic care to the patients. It is a prime duty of a nurse to evaluate and minimize alteration in sleep patterns of patients due to ICU environment. Evaluation of sleep alterations According to Matthews (2011), depending on the patient's condition, a nurse should evaluate how the ICU environment, treatment procedures, and medications subsidise to sleep alterations. Sleep evaluation can be characterized as objective, behavioral, and subjective. The most effective method of measuring sleep is polysomnography (Elliott et al. 2013). Bispectral index is another method practiced in ICU to measure sleep (Matthews 2011). Most efficient behavioral measure is actigraph. It a leg or wrist accelerometer that registers gross motor activities and rests over a prolonged period (Solverson and Doig 2014). Uninterrupted actigraph observation is used in seriously ill patients to direct usage of medications, sedative and improve recognition of agitation (Matthews 2011). Subjective assessment approaches such as nursing observations and self-reports of patients can offer additional useful means of assessing sleep features and effectiveness of sleep interventions. Sedation assessment tool that uses descriptive statistical measures is actually more accurate than results of sleep and non-sleep conditions (Matthews 2011). As described by Matthews (2011), using own appraisal of the patients about their sleep is necessary since they are capable of comparing normal quantity and quality sleep with the quantity and quality of sleep during their serious disease conditions. Everyday sleep records, visual analog scale and quality of life feedbacks are essential and have been practiced in a diverse critical care observations. For the patients with stable conditions, verbal communication of trouble in falling asleep, sleep fragmentation and restlessness required to be promoted on a regular basis with the procedure of formal evaluations.Patients and their family members can also contribute insights to etiological aspects and evaluation of their insight of sleep complications and potential respite methods can facilitate suitable treatment (Aitken et al. 2016). Even though objective accounts of the quantity of sleep periods and disruptions may vary from the perception of the patients, monitoring of sleep and wakeful behaviours over twenty-four hours, and representations of physical and mental sleep fragmentation (e.g., pain, sound, anxiety) may be beneficial in evolving a comprehensive care strategy (Matthews 2011). Nursing interventions of sleep alterations If evaluations suggest sleep alterations a multidisciplinary methodology should commence immediately. Incorporation of assessment result of patients sleep arrays and habitual sleep rituals into the care plan is significant. Normal sleep patterns are specific for each patient and data collected via holistic and comprehensive assessments are necessary to be determined the etiology of sleep alterations. Anxiety in the ICU environment interferes with sleep. Nursing interventions such as relaxation therapy can help patients reduce anxiety (Matthews 2011). A nurse should also evaluate the potential sources of noise and act to minimize those noises. Simple measures like providing quiet time to allow the patient's mind to slow down, comfortable temperature, ventilation and dim light can increase the quality of sleep (Maidl et al. 2014). Research has shown that mild back massage before bedtime can effectively promote sleep (Matthews 2011). Providing pain relief shortly before bedtime and posi tioning patients comfortably can promote sleep. Excessive noise can cause sleep alterations that can result in ICU psychosis. Keeping the ICU ambient quite by lowering the volume on television and radio, avoiding the use of intercoms, setting beepers on non-audio mode, talking quietly on the unit and anticipating alarms on IV pumps are obligatory (Luetz et al. 2016). Using sound generators with soothing sounds like rainfall, ocean, and waterfall can induce sleep (Su et al. 2013). Observation of patients medication and diet is vital because difficulty in sleeping can be a side of drugs such as bronchodilators. In situations like this, nurses need to change medications immediately after the evaluation findings. Benzodiazepinesare frequently recommended in the treatment of sleep alterations (Matthews 2011). Conclusion Sleep alterations and related health complications are crucial difficulties for patients in intensive care units. Different environmental factors of ICU such as patient care activities, uncomfortable positions, excessive light, and noises, all contribute to a incompetence of the patients to sleep. A collective methodology that integrates evaluations of sleep alterations and disturbances, behavioral interventions, control of environmental factors, appropriate pharmacological management and educational are essential to diminish the influence of sleep alterations and disturbances in patients of ICU. Following the comprehensive assessments of environmental aspects of ICU, an effective care plan must be developed to deliver times of uninterrupted sleep and reduce disturbance, identification of medication regimens that can promote sleep and recommendation non-pharmacological interventions constructed on individual requirements and desires or the patients. Nurses possess the suitable positi on to detect problems in their own units that can hamper quality and quantity patients sleep. Support from not only the nurses but also from all associates of the healthcare crew is necessary for implementing environmental modifications and make advancement in addressing sleep and energy requirements for the patients. References Aitken, L.M., Elliott, R., Mitchell, M., Davis, C., Macfarlane, B., Ullman, A., Wetzig, K., Datt, A. and McKinley, S., 2016. Sleep assessment by patients and nurses in the intensive care: An exploratory descriptive study.Australian Critical Care. Barr, J., Fraser, G.L., Puntillo, K., Ely, E.W., Glinas, C., Dasta, J.F., Davidson, J.E., Devlin, J.W., Kress, J.P., Joffe, A.M. and Coursin, D.B., 2013. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of pain, agitation, and delirium in adult patients in the intensive care unit.Critical care medicine, 41(1), pp.263-306. Bihari, S., McEvoy, R.D., Matheson, E., Kim, S., Woodman, R.J. and Bersten, A.D., 2012. Factors affecting sleep quality of patients in intensive care unit.J Clin Sleep Med,8(3), pp.301-7. Carreira, S., Lavault, S., Pallanca, O., Mayaux, J., Delemazure, J., Arnulf, I., Similowski, T. and Demoule, A., 2015. Risk Factors and Prognostic Impact of Sleep Alterations in ICU Patients: A Prospective Observational Polysomnographic Study. InD16. PREDICTING RISK AND OUTCOMES FOR CRITICAL ILLNESS(pp. A5397-A5397). American Thoracic Society. Delaney, L.J., Haren, F. and Lopez, V., 2015. Sleeping on a problem: the impact of sleep disturbance on intensive care patients-a clinical review. Annals of intensive care,5(1), p.1. Dengler, V., Westphalen, K. and Koeppen, M., 2015. Disruption of circadian rhythms and sleep in critical illness and its impact on innate immunity. Current pharmaceutical design,21(24), pp.3469-3476. Elliott, R., McKinley, S., Cistulli, P. and Fien, M., 2013. Characterisation of sleep in intensive care using 24-hour polysomnography: an observational study.Critical Care,17(2), p.1. Kamdar, B.B., Needham, D.M. and Collop, N.A., 2012. Sleep deprivation in critical illness its role in physical and psychological recovery.Journal of intensive care medicine,27(2), pp.97-111. Luetz, A., Weiss, B., Penzel, T., Fietze, I., Glos, M., Wernecke, K.D., Bluemke, B., Dehn, A.M., Willemeit, T., Finke, A. and Spies, C., 2016. Feasibility of noise reduction by a modification in ICU environment.Physiological measurement,37(7), p.1041. Maidl, C.A., Leske, J.S. and Garcia, A.E., 2014. The influence of quiet time for patients in critical care.Clinical nursing research,23(5), pp.544-559. Matthews, E.E., 2011. Sleep disturbances and fatigue in critically ill patients. AACN advanced critical care,22(3), p.204. Pisani, M., 2015. Sleep in the intensive care unit: An oft-neglected key to health restoration.Heart Lung: The Journal of Acute and Critical Care, 44(2), p.87. Pisani, M.A., Friese, R.S., Gehlbach, B.K., Schwab, R.J., Weinhouse, G.L. and Jones, S.F., 2015. Sleep in the intensive care unit.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine,191(7), pp.731-738. Pulak, L.M. and Jensen, L., 2016. Sleep in the Intensive Care Unit A Review.Journal of intensive care medicine,31(1), pp.14-23. Solverson, K. and Doig, C., 2014. An assessment of long-term sleep quality using actigraphy in survivors of critical illness.Critical Care,18(1), p.1. Su, C.P., Lai, H.L., Chang, E.T., Yiin, L.M., Perng, S.J. and Chen, P.W., 2013. A randomized controlled trial of the effects of listening to non-commercial music on quality of nocturnal sleep and relaxation indices in patients in medical intensive care unit.Journal of advanced nursing,69(6), pp.1377-1389.